It has been shown that geopolymerization can transform a wide range of waste aluminosilicate materials into building materials with excellent chemical and physical properties such as fire and acid resistance. In this research work, geopolymerization of construction waste materials with different alkali-activators based on combinations of Na2SiO3 and NaOH has been investigated. A number of systems were designed and prepared with water-to-dry binder ratio, silica modulus, and sodium oxide concentration were adjusted at different levels and setting time and 28-day compressive strength were studied. The results obtained reveal that construction wastes can be activated using a proportioned mixture of Na2SiO3 and NaOH resulting in the formation of a geopolymer cement system exhibiting suitable workability and acceptable setting time and compressive strength. Laboratory techniques of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were utilized for studying molecular and microstructure of the materials.

Cement is an adhesive, chemical substance used as a binder during construction. So it’s important to know about the Raw materials used to manufacture cement. Quantity and quality of different Raw materials affects the strength of cement. For geologists it is interesting to know about the chemical composition of Raw materials and their source rocks. Limestone, silica, iron oxide, gypsum and clay minerals in specific quantities are used to manufacture cement in different cement industries. Therefore it is also important to know the mineralogical composition of these manufacturing materials that help us to explain the chemical composition of cement. This study explores the intricate relationship between the petrographic characteristics of Raw materials and their impact on enhancing the quality and efficiency of cement production. By conducting a comprehensive petrographic analysis of key Raw materials such as limestone and clay, we can delve into the detailed mineralogical composition and textural attributes that define these materials. The primary objective of the following investigation is to determine whether variations in mineral content and physical properties significantly influence the strength and sustainability of the final cement product. Our findings indicate that optimizing Raw materials, characterized by competent minerals with favorable textures, can notably enhance cement quality while mitigating manufacturing inefficiencies. Furthermore, the study reveals a substantial presence of calcite cement interspersed with bio clasts in limestone, alongside an enriched concentration of aluminum-bearing minerals such as kaolinite, boehmite, and gibbsite in bauxite. Additionally, the analysis highlights the enrichment of iron-bearing hematite minerals in conjunction with kaolinite, which collectively improving settling times and overall cement quality. To achieve the production of sustainable and durable cement, it is crucial to exercise caution in the selection of both the quantity and quality of Raw materials. An inadequacy of essential minerals or their excessive presence can lead to the creation of cement that is not only of low strength but also lacks durability. Thus, careful consideration is vital for optimizing cement production processes.

Natural radioactivity is responsible for most of the total radiation dose received by human population. Geological materials used in building industry usually become contaminated with naturally occurring radioactive materials. They are used as mixtures in building industry (kaolin, zircon, frit, feldspar) or mechanically processed and used for covering floors and walls of the rooms (granite). In this paper, activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in 6 kaolin, 11 zircon, 18 granite, 3 marble, 6 sand, 4 perlite, 4 feldspar, 5 korund and 1 frit samples imported in Serbia were determined by gamma-ray spectrometry. Activity concentration index, dose rate and annual effective dose were calculated for each of the investigated samples. Measurement of an external gamma dose rate by using a commonly available radiation survey meter can give some indication of the need for further investigations. The absorbed dose rate and annual effective doses for workers in the ceramic industry “Keramika Kanjiza Plus” in Serbia working with granite are determined.

Background: Some Particular areas contain natural radionuclide at levels much higher than those usually present in earth's crust. The radiological impact of the use of zirconium ore in zirconium industry is due to internal exposure of the lung by alpha particles and external exposure of the body by the gamma rays. The result of gamma spectrometry measurement of the concentrations of the natural radionuclide in zirconium industry is described. materials and Methods: Gamma spectrometry system with a shielded high pure germanium (HPGe) detector connected to multi channel analyzer (MCA) was used to determine concentrations of natural radionuclide in about 45 samples of importedzirconium minerals, tiles, stone ware and waste sludge's of Iranian ceramic industry.Results: The 238U concentration in the samples, ranging from 3000 to 10000 Bq Kg-1, is higher than the concentration of both 232Th (500-1800 Bq Kg-1), and 40K (50-800 Bq Kg-1). The measured specific activities in the mineral showed that specific activity of baddeleyite is higher than that of zircon. The results of ceramic tiles show that the tiles usually contain small amount of zirconium compound. Conclusion: Due to relatively high concentration level of uranium in imported zirconium samples, specific regulations is necessary for zirconium compound used in ceramic industry.

Afatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus spp.Poultry feeds and their ingredients are vulnerable to fungal growth and aflatoxin formation.Aflatoxins reduce immune response of bird, leading to disease outbreaks and vaccination failures. The aflatoxins have two fused dihydrofuran rings with various moieties, and members are designated as B1, B2, Gland G2. Aflatoxin BI is the most toxic and hepatoxicity is the primary effect in nearly all animals. In the present study, 100 samples (25 samples from each of maize, wheat, soyabean meal and fish meal) were collected from poultry feed factory around Ahwaz. The extraction of aflatoxins from samples was done by thin layer chromatography.Results of the present study showed that 86% of the samples were contaminated with aflatoxins.The fish meal, soyabean meal, wheat and maize were contaminated 100%, 92%, 88% and 16% respectively. The highest amount of aflatoxin was 28 ppb detected in fish meal. The highest amount of aflatoxin B1 detected in imported fish meal was 25 ppb, in imported soyabean 3 ppb, in wheat 4 ppb and in domestic maize 2 ppb.

The use of renewable energy sources is important today due to the reduction of fossil fuel sources and the increase in environmental pollution. Biodiesel is one of the types of renewable energies. By 2020, 20% of the fuel used is from renewable sources, Biodiesel is one of the most important strategies to complete these choices and achieve the goal. Biodiesel as biofuel can be used in diesel engines in combination with pure diesel and thus improves combustion conditions and reduces emissions. Biodiesel is produced from different biomass in different ways and processes, this depends on the potential of the area in question and the availability of bio-resources. On the other hand, the technology used in biodiesel production is also important. Given the technology and biomaterials used to produce biodiesel, economic cost and production efficiency will be achieved. Therefore, in the face of increasing demand for biodiesel production, it is important to provide a suitable way to commercialize the biodiesel production process. In this regard, different methods of biodiesel production from different sources are investigated in this research, in order to find the appropriate method for achieving a biodiesel production process. Based on the results of this study, biodiesel production depends on the conditions and availability of primary biofuels, but in general biodiesel production from non-food sources with alkali catalysts are of commercial importance in the process of trans-esterification; this method produces high-efficiency biodiesel (about 98%) and is economically superior to other methods.